Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Symptoms, Causes and Coping Strategies

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can occur after a person has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. This disorder can significantly impact an individual's daily life, affecting their ability to work, maintain relationships and engage in social activities. PTSD is not limited to any specific age or gender, and it is estimated that approximately 1 in 11 people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a complex condition that can manifest differently in different individuals. It is characterised by a range of symptoms that occur as a response to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. These events can include, but are not limited to, war, natural disasters, serious accidents or personal assaults.

Symptoms

The symptoms of PTSD can be grouped into four main categories: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, and changes in physical and emotional reactions. Intrusive memories can include recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event, flashbacks and severe emotional distress or physical reactions to reminders of the event.

Causes

While the exact cause of PTSD is not known, it is believed to be a combination of factors including the individual's inherited mental health risks, the severity of the trauma experienced and the individual's temperament. Environmental factors such as exposure to extreme stress or a history of mental health problems can also contribute to the development of PTSD.

"PTSD is a real disorder that develops when a person has experienced or witnessed a scary, shocking, or dangerous event." - SAMHSA

Impact and Complications

If left untreated, PTSD can lead to significant complications including other mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety, issues with drugs or alcohol, eating disorders and suicidal thoughts or actions.

At Risk Groups

• Individuals who have experienced severe or prolonged trauma
• Those with a history of mental health problems
• Individuals with a family history of mental health problems
• Those who lack a strong support system

"PTSD can disrupt your whole life — your job, your relationships, your health and your enjoyment of everyday activities." - Mayo Clinic

Importance of Treatment

Seeking treatment for PTSD is crucial as it can significantly improve the individual's quality of life. Treatment can help individuals regain a sense of control over their life, improve symptoms and teach skills to effectively cope with the effects of the disorder.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) typically involves the following steps:
1. Detailed Assessment of Symptoms: This is carried out to ensure treatment is tailored to the individual's needs. It may be performed by a general practitioner (GP) or a specialist.
2. Physical Exam: This is done to check for any medical problems that may be causing the symptoms.
3. Psychiatric Evaluation: This includes a discussion about thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns. The doctor may use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association to help diagnose PTSD.

Treatment Options

The treatment of PTSD usually involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. The order of treatments may vary based on the individual's specific symptoms and response to therapy, but generally, the following treatments are considered:
1. Psychotherapy: This is often the first line of treatment and includes a variety of techniques such as cognitive restructuring, which can help people with PTSD think about what happened in a realistic way. Other forms of therapy include Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-informed therapies.
2. Medications: If symptoms persist or are severe, medications may be prescribed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant medication, for the treatment of PTSD. These include paroxetine and sertraline. Other medications that received a conditional recommendation for use in the treatment of PTSD include fluoxetine and venlafaxine.
3. Support and Advice: Support from family and friends, as well as peer support and advice from charities and organizations, can be an important part of recovery.

Doctors and Specialists Likely to Be Involved in the Patient’s Care

The following healthcare professionals may be involved in the management of a patient with suspected PTSD:
- General Practitioner (GP): The GP is often the first point of contact and can perform an initial assessment and refer the patient to a specialist if needed.
- Psychiatrist: A psychiatrist can diagnose PTSD, prescribe medication and provide psychotherapy.
- Psychologist: A psychologist can provide psychotherapy and help the patient develop coping strategies.
- Community Psychiatric Nurse: They can provide support and treatment in the community, often visiting patients at home.
- Therapist: A therapist can provide various forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or EMDR.

Related Conditions or Complications

PTSD can often co-occur with other mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. It can also lead to physical health problems such as chronic pain, heart disease, and diabetes.

Outlook and Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, individuals with PTSD can lead fulfilling, productive lives. The prognosis for PTSD varies, but with time and effective treatment, the symptoms can improve significantly.

"PTSD can be successfully treated, even when it develops many years after a traumatic event." - NHS

Practical Tips & Coping Strategies

• Seek professional help: Reach out to a mental health professional for diagnosis and treatment.
• Stay active: Regular physical activity can help reduce feelings of anxiety and improve mood.
• Practice relaxation techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, massage, and yoga can help reduce symptoms of PTSD.
• Stay connected: Reach out to loved ones or join a support group.